INSTRUCTIONAL SYSTEM DESIGN, COOPERATIVE LEARNING, AND PROBLEM BASED LEARNING

Instructional System Design

Definition of Instructional Design

Instructional design is a way to develop communication technology media and its contents to help facilitate the effective transfer of knowledge between teachers and students.

This process involves determining the initial status of students' understanding, formulating learning objectives, and designing media-based "treatments" to help with the transition, and also often using technology and multimedia as a tool to improve instruction. Ideally this process is based on information from learning theories that have been tested in science or art in learning and can occur only with students, guided by the teacher, or in a community-based setting. The results of this learning can be observed directly and can be measured scientifically or completely hidden and only in the form of assumptions.

The three objectives of the Instructional Design process are:

• ·         To identify the results of the instructions
• ·         As a guide for instructional content development (scope and sequence)
• ·         To determine how instructional effectiveness will be evaluated. [1]

Instructional Design Concepts

System Approach

Instructional activities are seen as a system. The term system refers to objects, events, events, or organized ways that consist of smaller parts and all of these parts together function to achieve certain goals. [2] Furthermore the system approach is a sequence of problem solving with a sequence of problem steps understood in advance, considering various alternative solutions, and choosing the best solution. [3]

Theories Underlying Instructional Design

The development of a structural system is a systematic and logical process for studying teaching problems, in order to obtain solutions that are tested for validity, and can be practically implemented (Ely, 1979, p.4). Instructional systems are all learning material and methods that have been tested in practice that are prepared to achieve goals in their actual state (Baker; 1971, p: 16).

Instructional Design Development Model

There are many instructional design models developing in the world of education today, for example SAFE (System Approach For Education), Michigan State University Instructional Systems Development Model, Project MINERVA Instructional System Design, Teaching Research System, Banathy Instructional Development System,, Dick & Carey model , Kemp model, Three Phase Design Model, The 4CID Model, ARCS Model, and many other instructional models. Its development also varies according to the conditions and objectives of the instructional design intended, which is clear that each model is intended to produce an instructional system that is effective and efficient in facilitating the achievement of instructional goals. [4]

Cooperative Learning

Definition Of Cooperative Leaning

Cooperative leraning is a learning model where students learn in small groups that have different abilities. In completing their group assignments, each student group member must work together and help each other to understand the subject matter. In cooperative learning, learning is said to be incomplete if one of the friends in the group has not mastered the lesson material.

Roger and David Johnson said that not all group work can be considered cooperative learning, so five elements of the cooperative learning model must be applied, namely:

• ·         Positive interdependence.
• ·         Individual responsibility
• ·         Face to face
• ·         Communication between members
• ·         Evaluate group processes [5]

The purpose of cooperative learning is different from conventional groups that apply a competition system, where individual successes are oriented to the failure of others. Whereas the purpose of cooperative learning is to create a situation where the success of an individual is determined or influenced by the success of the group (Slavin, 1994).

Problem Based Learning

PBL learning model or Problem Based Learning is a learning based on problems that require students to gain important knowledge, which makes them proficient in solving problems, and has their own learning strategies and ability to participate in teams.

The advantages of PBL learning models

• •       Problem solving is very effectively used to understand the contents of the lesson.
• •       Problem solving will break down and challenge students' abilities and provide satisfaction to discover new knowledge for students.
• •       Problem solving makes student learning activities increase.
• •       Problem solving can help students know how to transfer their knowledge to understand problems in real life.
• •       Problem solving can help students to develop new knowledge and be responsible for the learning they are doing.
• •       Students become more sensitive to problems that occur in the surrounding environment.

The Disadvantages of PBL learning models

• •       Difficulty solving problems when students have no interest or do not have confidence that the problem can be solved.
• •       The time needed to make preparations for this learning model is quite long.
• •       If not given the right understanding and reason why they should try to solve the problem being studied, then they will not learn what they want to learn. [6]

REFERENCES

1. http://zulfadhliashari.blogspot.com/2012/06/model-pembelajaran-design-instructional.html
2. M. Atwi Suparman, Desain Instruksional Moderen, Penerbit Erlangga, Jakarta, 2012, h.82
3.  Raymond McLeod Jr. & George P. Schell, Management Information System 9th, Terjemahan Hery Yuliyanto, Indeks, Jakarta, 2004, h.182.
4. https://zultogalatp.wordpress.com/2013/06/14/konsep-dan-model-pengembangan-desain-instruksional/
5. http://fatkhan.web.id/pengertian-dan-contoh-pembelajaran-cooperative-learning/
6. https://gurudigital.id/model-pembelajaran-pbl-pengertian-ciri-ciri-kelebihan-kekurangan-langkah/